Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Courage and Homosexual Desires :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

Essays - courageousness and Homosexual Desires Persons with homosexual desires have always been with us, however up to recent times, there has been little if any outreach in the way of survive groups or information. Most were left to work out their path to chastity on their own. Many found they were unable to do this and folded to the pressures of the increasingly secular order of magnitude opting to act on their desires in gay circles. Choosing this direction locked them into a way of life that does not bring benefit to ones existence. His Eminence Terence Cooke of New York, became aware of this touchy situation and in November of 1978 decided to form a spiritual support system which would assist men and women with same-sex attractions in living chaste lives. Knowing of Fr. bum Harveys extensive ministry experience in this field, he invited him to come to his archdiocese. With the help of the Rev. Benedict Groeschel, C.F.R., (see photo) and others, Fr. Harvey began the Coura ge Apostolate with its first meeting meeting in September, 1980 at the Shrine of arrest Seton in South Ferry. With the endorsement of the Holy See, Courage now with more than 95 Chapters worldwide, over 500 persons participating in its ListServs and hundreds of persons per day receiving assistance from the briny office and website, has become a mainstream Catholic Apostolate helping thousands of men and women find peace through fellowship, prayer and commitment toward soul and following church teaching. The Courage main office operates through the prayerful and financial support of the Archdiocese of New York as well as contributions and volunteer work from Courage members and others committed to advance its efforts. Individual chapters throughout the world are self supporting and have the approval of their local Archdiocese. In helping individuals gain a greater understanding and appreciation for the churchs teachings, Courage extends the Churchs invitation to experience the freedom of chaste living. In chaste living, one finds greater freedom, peace and grace to grow more deeply spiritually and maturely in Christ. The September 11th terrorists attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon has altered our perspective of the world in which we dwell. A nineteen year old Courage member told Fr. Harvey how she desires to reach out to everyone in these days of mourning. In doing so, she found her friends so open.

Aliens Built the Pyramids Essay -- essays research papers

Aliens reinforced the Egyptian pyramids. Recent research supports the theory that the Pyramids were built long before humans inhabited the area now known as Egypt. It is also nearly impossible for the Egyptians to have lifted and moved the limestone brick utilize to build these massive structures. Only a more ripe form of life could have constructed such an enormous undertaking, while using advanced mathematics and geography that were not yet known to ancient peoples.Archeologists suggest that the large stones used in building the pyramids were transported by rolling them over logs or a wet, slippery, clay surface. These methods may have been effective in moving the blocks close to the building site, but do not explain how the massive bricks, weighing as much as a Ford F250 truck, were lifted on top of each other. When the Great Pyramids at Giza were built, the Egyptians had not invented the wheel yet, but the limestone blocks that they grudgingly transported, in an effort to buil d pyramids, weighed about 2 tons each. If all of the stone from the pyramids was cut into one foot, square blocks, it would extend two thirds of the way around the earth. No human life forms could have possibly erected these structures using that much limestone, because they did not have the technology to work in such scale. Only aliens, with more advanced mechanical and mental abilities, could have designed and ...

Change Over Time: The years 1670-1729 Essay -- History, European Power

From 1670 to 1870, the political regimes of the Atlantic Basin underwent drastic changes that were ultimately detrimental to todays society. The new ideas of the foresight sparked cultural, political, and social revolutions all the way from the newly established colonies of the United States to the ancien regime of the country of France. But how did these governments change during this era? The answers lie in the beginning, middle, and end of the 1670s to 1870s.The years 1670-1729 mark the beginning of this era, where the start of change takes place. During this period, European powers ruled in various places, such as in the colonies of America and in Haiti. In the colonies of America, there was no sign that North America might become a center of revolution (Bentley, p. 784). Britain imposed their culture on the colonists. The colonists regarded themselves as British subjects they recognized British law, read English-language books, and often braved the North Atlantic Ocean to visit family and friends in England (Bentley, p. 784), with trade fueling the colonies wealth and reliable tribute from the British militia. In France, Louis XVI reigned, and things were mainly prosperous. However, Louis was an absolute monarch, and he created three estates. The first estate consisted of about 100,000 Roman Catholic clergy (Bentley, p. 787). The second included roughly four hundred thousand nobles (Bentley, p. 787), and the third was the rest of the population-about 24 million serfs, free peasants, and urban residents ranging from laborers, artisans, and shopkeepers to physicians, bankers, and attorneys (787). Nevertheless, the French mainly prospered under Louis XVIs reign. However, in Haiti, things were not as prosper... ... off to France, where he died of maltreatment. The generals who succeeded Toussaint defeated the remaining troops and drove them out of the colony (Bentley, p. 796). In 1803, they declared independence and by and by proclaimed the establishment of Haiti, meaning land of mountains.In conclusion, the governments of the Atlantic Basin evolved significantly between the 1670s and 1870s. Governments were established that shaped the beginning of human and political rights for generations to come. Without the ideals and beliefs of the Enlightenment thinkers, the rapid transformation of the Atlantic Basin probably would have never happened and the world would have been anything but recognizable at this time. Thanks to the work of more revolutionary leaders and philosophes, the Atlantic Basin was able to become one of the most influential areas in world history to date.

Agriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Essay

Agriculture in a merchandise Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Imagine driving through any number of western states, passing commonwealth upon acres of corn or soybeans, feeding lots in Kansas with thousands of cattle, or rows of poultry barns in Virginia that leave their memories in your nose for miles passel the road. Todays agricultural system in the United States is one that follows capitalism and demands competition, which usually means make as much as you shadow with as fewer resources as possible. These practices tend to be harmful to both environmental and human health, are not sustainable in the long term, and piss forced umteen farmers out of the industry when they cant compete with the big companies. Many people, including Christians, believe they are called to be stewards and protectors of the earth with a state to act with arbiter towards other human beings. While there are Christians and other people who hold strong ethical beliefs involved in constituted methods of agriculture, others are seek more than just and sustainable methods of producing food. Modern agriculture in the United States followed in suit with the Industrial Revolution and searched for focusings to perish bigger, make more money, and be more efficient. Just as in factories, many farms began specializing in one crop or livestock, spreading onto more land, and victimization synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to upgrade growth. For many farmers, to participate in the market economy where the government subsidizes many crops and farm products and market prices are highly unstable, the only way to remain rivalrous is to produce a surplus. In addition, they are playing into an export economy, which has major implications for communities and the envir... ...Linking Tables to Farms. In Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The impudent Agrarianism Land Culture, and the Community. pp17-27. Washington Island Press.Long, Cheryl. (1999) Certified perfect. Organic Gardening 46(6 ), 44-46. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from schoolman Search Elite.Madden, Patrick. (1988). Low-Input/Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education- Challenges to the Agricultural Economics Profession. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 7 (5), 1167-1172. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Business ascendant Premier database.Orr, David. (2001). The Urban-Agrarian Mind. Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism Land Culture, and the Community. pp93-107. Washington Island Press.Snowe, Olympia . USDA Organic Food Standards. FDCH Press Releases 21/Oct/2002 . Retrieved November 10, 2004 , from Military and Government Collection database. Agriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives EssayAgriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Imagine driving through any number of Midwestern states, passing acres upon acres of corn or soybeans, feeding lots in Kansas with thousands of cattle, or rows of poultry barns in Virginia that leave their memories in your nose for miles down the road. Todays agricultural system in the United States is one that follows capitalism and demands competition, which usually means make as much as you can with as few resources as possible. These practices tend to be harmful to both environmental and human health, are not sustainable in the long term, and have forced many farmers out of the industry when they cant compete with the big companies. Many people, including Christians, believe they are called to be stewards and protectors of the earth with a responsibility to act with justice towards other human beings. While there are Christians and other people who hold strong ethical beliefs involved in conventional methods of agriculture, others are seeking more just and sustainable methods of producing food. Modern agriculture in the United States followed in suit with the Industrial Revolution and searched for ways to become bigger, make more money, and be more efficient. Just as in fac tories, many farms began specializing in one crop or livestock, spreading onto more land, and using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to encourage growth. For many farmers, to participate in the market economy where the government subsidizes many crops and farm products and market prices are highly unstable, the only way to remain competitive is to produce a surplus. In addition, they are playing into an export economy, which has major implications for communities and the envir... ...Linking Tables to Farms. In Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism Land Culture, and the Community. pp17-27. Washington Island Press.Long, Cheryl. (1999) Certified Organic. Organic Gardening 46(6), 44-46. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Academic Search Elite.Madden, Patrick. (1988). Low-Input/Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education- Challenges to the Agricultural Economics Profession. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 7 (5), 1167-1172. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Busine ss Source Premier database.Orr, David. (2001). The Urban-Agrarian Mind. Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism Land Culture, and the Community. pp93-107. Washington Island Press.Snowe, Olympia . USDA Organic Food Standards. FDCH Press Releases 21/Oct/2002 . Retrieved November 10, 2004 , from Military and Government Collection database.

Creation vs. Evolution :: essays research papers

OriginsMissing LinksMany people in the world realize claimed to project these missing links between animal and man. These finds are said to support evolution, but in turn all they do is put evolution down. several(prenominal) examples of missing links are, Piltdown man, Neanderthal man, Australopithecus, and Homo Erectus. All of these missing links have been proven false, and as hoaxes. One point for creation.Shrinking SunScientist at present have noticed something about our sun. The sun seems to be shrinking. Based on this information scientists arouse actually measure how much the sun has shrunk. This means that they groundwork tell how big the sun would have been at any certain time. So take the argument from evolutionists that the earth is billions of years doddering. When scientists calculate this, the sun would have swallowed the earth. One more point for creation.Moon DustScientists have also found something as a result of our travels to the lunar month. They have noti ced that the moon collects disseminate from outer space. They have found the rate at which the dust accumulates on the moon. So they now can tell that the moon is relatively young, because if it were billions of years old there would be a lot more dust on the moon than there is right now. Evolutionists have slipped up and said that the earth and moon are about the same age. So this pushes them into a corner once again. Creation three, Evolution zero.Magnetic FieldScientists have realized that the magnetic poles loosen up strength every so often. They know the rate in which the magnetic strength decays, so they now can predict what it used to have been at any given point in time. So the said what if the earth was billions of years old, what would the magnetic field look like. Well it would be so loyal that we would suck almost everything into us, somewhat like the sun. Once again Creation is greater than Evolution.MutationsThere was a Dutchman named Hugo DeVries who found somethin g interesting one day. He found a flower that had mutated. All of the Evolutionists went crazy over this and thought that this was their big breakthrough as to how life evolved. But scientists refute this claim because they can find no incident where a mutation is good. Every mutation that they have come across has hurt or damaged the organism. They describe a process called natural selection.

Creation vs. Evolution :: essays research papers

OriginsMissing LinksMany people in the world put one across claimed to find these missing links between living creature and man. These finds are said to support evolution, but in turn all they do is put evolution down. Several examples of missing links are, Piltdown man, Neanderthal man, Australopithecus, and gentlemans gentleman Erectus. both of these missing links have been proven false, and as hoaxes. One point for creation.Shrinking SunScientist today have noticed something about our insolate. The sun seems to be shrinking. Based on this information scientists can actually measure how much the sun has shrunk. This means that they can tell how big the sun would have been at any certain time. So take the argument from evolutionists that the earth is billions of years old. When scientists calculate this, the sun would have swallowed the earth. One more point for creation. slug DustScientists have also found something as a result of our travels to the moon. They have noticed th at the moon collects dust from outer space. They have found the dictate at which the dust accumulates on the moon. So they now can tell that the moon is relatively young, because if it were billions of years old there would be a hooking more dust on the moon than there is right now. Evolutionists have slipped up and said that the earth and moon are about the same age. So this pushes them into a corner once again. Creation three, Evolution zero.Magnetic FieldScientists have realized that the magnetic poles loose strength every so often. They realize the rate in which the magnetic strength decays, so they now can predict what it used to have been at any given point in time. So the said what if the earth was billions of years old, what would the magnetic field look corresponding. Well it would be so strong that we would suck almost everything into us, somewhat like the sun. Once again Creation is greater than Evolution.MutationsThere was a Dutchman named Hugo DeVries who found some thing interesting one day. He found a flower that had mutated. All of the Evolutionists went crazy over this and thought that this was their big breakthrough as to how life evolved. But scientists refute this claim because they can find no incident where a mutation is good. Every mutation that they have come across has hurt or damaged the organism. They describe a process called natural selection.

Coatings Specialist

Alex Kilos tit 32 years in the coatings industry, Alex Kilos has earned the right to be called a coatings specialist. In 1991, he retired from his place at Sees Australia, where he was responsible for evaluating coatings for offshore and pipeline application, writing specifications, performing failure analysis, and conducting maintenance coating surveys to structure the companys maintenance program. Since then, Kilos has munched a new go as a consultant for his company A Kilos Consulting Pity.Ltd. (Sale, Victoria). The scope of his work includes specification writing and reviewing, failure analysis, design and supervision of test programs, development and demo of training programs, coating inspection, and coating surveys. W Training Applicators Kilobits current focus in his work is education. The Australian coatings industry is only Just beginning to assure the importance of qualified industrial coatings applicators, he says.Until recently, industrial applicators were an untraine d group who had no recourse to a formal program of education. This situation was in raw contrast to that of house painters, says Kilos, who are re- 152/ Journal of Protective Coatings & Linings squired to undergo three-year apprenticeships before achieving qualification. When new, high performance coatings entered the Australian market, applicators were unprepared, says Kilos. As a result, Kilos headed the drive to develop the beginning

Behavioral Assignment

For example if the company is per ashesing admirably, your payments be not going to outgrowth, but if you comp ar this situation With an equity investor, the grocery store leave al one and only(a) incorporate to the declination equipment casualty these results and your remover forget be naughtyer. On the other hand if the company Starts having some problems and cannot achieve its goals, your payments go out remain the same.This situation save changes when the default risk increases, and this doses t happen in a very quick span of time In the human face of equity, the scope for disagreement is larger and more sensitive, because the payoffs ar un veritable and take care on the beliefs of the fundamental value of the company. It can be also seen below that equity payoffs are linear with reward to investor beliefs in relation to underlying summation value however, debt up-side payoffs are fixed at some constant rate, ND are consequently non-linear (I. E. Concave) in the investor beliefs somewhat the fundamental value.Source Hong & Serer 2011 b) Safe debt has less default risk than risky debt, which fee-tails that its payoffs are more protected and the payoff graph has a more cotyloidal work. The more secure an asset is, the less sensitive the investors are to the beliefs about fundamentals. The upside is here more bounded and is less sensitive to disagreement. When a seize is more risky on that prefigure is a greater luck for default and the investors are more sensitive to the changes in the fundamental value of the company. Beliefs start having a greater influence on the asset valuation.In the following formula we can see that if the default luck is very low, the safe debt payoff pass on also be lower and less sensitive to disagreements. C) When optimism increases investors start seeing debt more as a risk-free asset that has less upside with reduced resale option. come up optimism leads to larger misprinting. In this scenario the optim istic investors will continue to buy the bonds from the pessimistic investors, so there will be more optimistic investors holding the asset and the disagreement among the investors will be owe, and lead to a lower worth volatility.The bond will also bind less turnover. The pessimistic investors won t become optimistic, they just want to transmit their bond. The model suggested by Hong and Serer(2013) considers a two-date trading model with dates t -?O, 1, N risky assets and the risk-free rate as r. The dividend delivered by the risky asset at time t=l is given by the equation , where represents the cash flow beta of asset I, and is the pronounce of the macro economy.There are two groups of investors 1) The optimists (group A), who believe that the economy will be better in t=l -b EAIz = +h 2) The sometimes(group B), who believe that the economy will be worse 3) So the expected difference between optimists and pessimists is given by EAIz BEz = When is slim (I. E. Low macro dis agreement) , the equilibrium charge will depend both(prenominal) on the optimists and pessimists valuation, equaling However, when X is large (high disagreement about future macroeconomic conditions), the demand of pessimists (given by ) is so low that it will hit footling sale constraints.Thus, the equilibrium price will be determined only by optimists valuation, since the pessimists will be sidelined from the market . This equilibrium price is higher than the unconstrained price, which means that the stock N will be over-priced, collectible to high macroeconomic disagreement about fundamental factors, when compared to the traditional CAMP model prediction. As predicted by the dividend equation , the higher the beta of the stock, the higher the effect of the disagreement about its future cash flows will be.Thus, in short-sale constraints will occur with higher probability for high-beta, high risk stocks. Short-sales constraints might be binding for some investors due to instit utional reasons. An example are mutual funds, which are prohibited to worth stocks presently by certain government acts and regulations. According to the arguments above, misprinting is more enunciate for high- beta stocks or for periods of higher disagreement. Thus, stocks from higher beta sectors such as technology, consumer retail, automotive, construction are more equally to experience overpricing and bubbles.Higher disagreement occurs either at times, when market optimism prevails -? continuous bull markets, combined with expansionary monetary policy for prolonged period, or when market pessimism prevails crisis times, described by high volatility ND panic sell-offs, causing stocks to be undervalued. Bubbles are often hard to detect and ascertain, but dispose to form close often when certain industry sectors are experiencing a technological transmutation. Bubbles, crashes and financial crisis have been a repeating occurrence for long (e. G. He south Sea Bubble, canals and railroads in the 1 sass, the Internet in the sass) (Predetermine & McKee, 2012). A technological revolution in an industry causes a boom in asset prices however, as the momentum of the bubble increases, the rise in prices cannot be justified anymore by fundamentals as people continue to make ever-rising valuations. It is difficult to delineate an assets true fundamental value, and this is especially true for new technologies that have may seem as the next big thing, but have uncertain long prospects.Similarly, pastor & Versions (2008) argue that bubbles in stock prices can occur aft(prenominal) technological revolutions if the productivity of the technology to be implemented is unknown and subject to learning. This usurps both the level and volatility of stock prices. Critically, stock prices of innovative firms initially rise due to optimism and DOD news about the productivity of the firm due to the technological innovation, but eventually fall as the technology risk alters from affecting only the firm to being systematic (Pastor & Versions, 2008).The bubbles can only be discovered retrospectively, and are most greatly amplified in revolutions than involve high uncertainty and fast adoption. For example the expansion of both railroads in the sass and internet fundament in the 1 sass was characterized by overstatement that ultimately depressed prices on an aggregate level as additional projects had negative returns due to industrialization.Also, in the case of the internet bubble, investors were lured in to invest by promising companies such as Amazon and America Online, but later companies had often no predilection how to be commercially viable and essentially were riding the bubble (Dominant, 2014). Bubbles may hence be amplified by speculation and the idea that individuals observe and adopt the style of others (Levine & Jack, 2007). Especially in the case of the internet bubble optimists tend to push up the asset price, whereas more pessimistic i nvestors cannot counterbalance this due to short-sale constraints (Predetermine & McKee, 2012).Thus genealogical revolution tends to lead to projects with initial profits, and leads to overoptimistic tendencies for the whole industry. As prices exceed fundamentals and new entrants/projects turn sour, the bubble eventually collapses. In the case where there is only one share of the asset available and there is one optimist and one pessimist in the market, the pessimist will sell the asset to the optimist at a price higher than the mean evaluation of the two investors.Here the single optimistic buyer can absorb the entire supply of one share. The average price is 75, thus the traded price will be in the range 75. The traded price rises when there are two homogeneous groups Of investors, I. E. When there are more optimistic traders in the market. They will period of play up the price until it reaches the valuation of the optimists, I. E. 100. This will be the traded price. Thus, as m atch to Miller (1977) without short selling the price of the asset is increased if there is a divergence of opinion.In such a market the demand for the asset will come from the traders who have the most optimistic expectations of its value. The most optimistic investor tends to win the tender and their evaluation of the asset ends up being its actual price. This can be also seen in the diagram below. Supply is inelastic at N, so the price is higher than the equilibrium rate. Only optimistic traders will trade at the prices where the demand curve meets the inelastic supply curve.Also, as seen in the diagram, different investors have different demand curves the most optimistic one will have the highest valuation. (Source Miller, 1977) Due to the binding short selling constraint, less optimistic traders who would like to short an asset cannot do so. Thus this is necessary for optimists to be able to set prices. Also volume is crucial. The more optimists there are will signify that the assets price will be bid up to the valuation of optimists. This is especially true when the asset is scarce (e. . Only one or a few exist), as in this case there will be ample demand by the optimists (who may be a minority in the market) bid up and set the prices. The price of a security is higher the greater the divergence of opinion about the return from the security (Miller 1977). So we can say that if there is a big divergence of opinion in the market, the price will be even higher because the price only reflects the optimistic investors, and this also causes more volatility and more risk to the stock. Since the annual discount rate is a variable, and the time to maturity T is a constant, we can apply the rule then the expected value that the optimist attaches to the bond is given by , 51 once The expected value Of the pessimist is given by b) The difference of the natural logarithms of their attached value is In According to the result, there is a positive correlation between the bond maturity T and the level of the disagreement between the investors, so the yearlong the bond maturity T, the higher the disagreement between the optimist and the pessimist will be. ) According to Miller (1977) the greater the disagreement the higher the rice. As we saw in the introductory step bonds with longer maturity have greater disagreement, which leads to stronger misprinting because the price of the bond will only be affected by the optimistic investors (since pessimistic investors cannot affect the prices because of short-sale constraints). Thus, misprinting will be more pronounced at the long end of maturities, than at the short end.Also the longer the maturity of the bond the higher the expected return, match to a regular bond yield curve. If misprinting is more pronounced, the price of bonds will go up, causing a shift down(prenominal)s in the lied curve, so average realized bond returns should be lower than the expected. A) Investor B starts with rational b eliefs at t-?O, so his expectation of an upward move is 10=0. In case of an upward move at boss u his expectation of an upward move TTL is given by , A further move up to military position u will give A move down to position dud gives An initial downward move to d yields Going another node down to ad And moving up in the second period to du gives b) Investor Bis beliefs about the value of the stock seem irrational at point dud and du since at dud his expectation of an upward move is , go at du it equals . Actually these positions represent one and the same point on the binomial tree, where the fundamental value of the asset should be constant.Behavioral assignmentEven though according to Prospect theory the individualistically bit is concave in the gains region, implying that they are risk averse, its shape changes to convex for very small probabilities. Usually people treat the outcomes based on a reference point, usually their current wealth, from which they evaluate gains and sackes. For that reason a certain gain of $1 0 is not perceived as bringing any significant utility to lets say average middle-class individual, while the possibility, even though small, of winning SIS 000 would actually bring a quite significant change to his wealth.The opposite goes for the perceived utilities and the utility function, when in the loss region. Even a small probability of losing a significant amount ($10 000), which will severely affect the wealth of the individuals is misperceived as relatively high and undesirable as opposed to the certain, but small loss of $10, which will not affect the wealth of the person around his reference point.Some real feel analogues of the conducted experiment might be buying a lottery ticket, where the individual even gets a small, but negative payoff, on average, or establishing a start-up business, where an enterpriser invests capital with the hope Of receiving higher return in time, instead of investing the cash in a bond or a bank nonplus at a risk-free rate. Examples for certain small losses might be a person buying insurance policies and paying a small premium, but avoiding the risk of theft, road accident etc. Q.The distribution is not normal, but rather positively skewed, with higher percentage of positive earnings storm than negative. There is also bunching at the O value, inferring a high probability that the average of analysts forecasts coincides with the actual earnings reported. This distribution of recast errors actually implies that analysts have a downward bias when producing their estimations. A reason for this might be that analysts have asymmetric loss function, implying that they can be more harshly punished for under-prediction than for over-prediction.This is due to reactions of investors who, in most cases, have prospect theory utility functions, rather than conventional expected utility functions I. E. Their losses hurt more than gains of the same magna etude increase utility. In terms of the earnings surprise this means that when the actual earnings miss analysts projections, he negative returns on stocks in the following days are much more pronounced due to investors unwilling to hold the stock and selling with larger volumes.In the opposite case of a positive surprise, investors utility function is less steep in the gains region and the magnitude of increased purchases of the stock is less pronounced. Boon and Woman (2002) estimate at least six reasons for the analysts downward bias when producing forecasts internal pressures for earning higher brokerage commissions, pressure from management of companies that analysts cover, herding behavior to follow other analysts projections, pressure from large institutional investors that analysts work with, conflicts with analysts personal investments or unintentional cognitive biases of the analysts.Other plausible reference points in terms of expected earnings might be results from past quarters + some premium/dis count, depending on how the company performed in the most recent quarter, or the earnings reported by companies, operating in the same industry I. E. Competitors. Investor A If the stock goes up, he would be sweller to sell in order to realize his gains. The Prospect Theory utility function, which is concave in the region of gains, wows us there will be a point where an increase in his profit will bring very low marginal utility, so at this point the investor would be keen to sell.If we assume that the investor bought when , the more the stock rises and moves into more concave regions, , until it reaches the point of sell If the stock goes down, he will hold the stock because he won t accept his loss and try to hold it until the price of the stock returns to the price where he bought the stock (his reference point). He would be more concerned with the capableness value of losses and gains than the total wealth outcome, so he would be more inclined to sell when the stock was in the gain-making region, and less likely to sell and more likely to hold at the loss-making region.This is an observation of the disposition effect, tested by Dean (1998). Investor B If the stock goes up he will like to buy more shares. As an optimistic investor, he would trade more because of the profits that he is making, and the belief that he has information that others don t and that if the stock its going up, the momentum is likely to continue. If the stock goes down, he will like to sell because for him the market its telling him that this stock its not worth holding anymore.The most important thing for him in order to make a decision for buy or sell is to receive a signal from the market and as an overconfident investor he would think that he has information that the market doses t and could benefit from that In other words he will consider the stark(a) noise from the stock price movement as a signal and overweight it () The two investors could trade when the price of the stock rises, relative to their reference point because in that point investor A is more willing to sell and realize the gain and investor B is more willing to buy, because of the overestimated weight on the signal.Also they could trade when the price goes down and reaches a certain point when investor A no longer can hold the position (has sustained huge losses) and investor B could get a signal from the market, that the stock is already undervalued. A) 1 . Overstatement empirical data show that there are cases when Coos truly believe that certain investment policies are creating value for the company. However, their beliefs are quite often in discrepancy with the broad view of market participants, which is reflected in the stock value.These investment incentives are more pronounced in companies, that are cash rich, nice Coos will not be constrained by lack of funds and allocate the available cash according to their overconfident beliefs. 2. Corporate Financing instead of opting for th e more rational choice of choosing sustainable mix of debt and equity financing, combined with the use of the companys outstanding cash, overconfident Coos tend to use larger percentage of financing with cash or debt, since they consider equity financing excessively costly and believe that the market is undervaluing their company. . Overbidding in acquisitions donnish research has found evidence that overconfident Coos overestimate their ability to generate returns for their company. This is why such Coos have a tendency to overpay for target companies and assure mergers that actually bring lower than expected value. A proof for this might be found in market reactions after announcement, where the negative return after the announcement is more pronounced for companies, whose managers are considered as overconfident by investors.In the last two decades U. S firms spent more than $ 3. 4 trillion on mergers, and if chief executive officer s were thinking only about the interests f their shareowners probably they would have acted in a different way, because their actions caused losses amounting to roughly $220 billion (Maintained, Tate 2007). B) CEO cocksureness does not necessarily have to be a bad thing, since this aspect is quite closely con nested with affinity to taking higher risk.Higher risk, in turn, might lead either to more pronounced negative or positive outcome for the company, and thus also allowing for a beneficial outcome to shareholder interests. Also, such individuals, for reasons connected with their genetics or upbringing, are among the most successful and influential people n society. As discussed in the paper CEO overconfidence and innovation by Galas, Simoom (2011 more confident Coos tend to disregard the risk of failure and thus more eagerly indulge in R&D and innovation strategies, which eventually bring higher value to shareholders.Real life examples of such Coos might be Steve Jobs (Apple Inc. ), Leon Musk (Tests Motors). Question 5 In the presented case, an overoptimistic person will tend to have higher anticipatory utility during his youth, but eventually as time progresses the actual realization will with a high probability be less than his anticipations, so e will get lower realization utility. The total utility he gets will depend on the weights he puts on those two utilities.If you educate your child to be overoptimistic, in the future for example when he receives his pension fund he will expect certain amount of money, lets say $1,000 per month, but instead if he actually receives $900 he will feel as if he lost $100, regardless if that amount of money represents a good income for him or not. On the other hand if he receives $1 r 1 00 he won t feel the gratification of having more money. The feeling when you lose is deeper than when you win.

Jack Davis’ play ‘No Sugar’ shows how families survive. Discuss. Essay

Jack Davis 1986 play No Sugar is a realist drama which examines the trials, tribulations and chargetual survival of Millimurra-Munday family through the Great Depression as they ar forcibly removed from their homeland in Northam to Moore River Native Settlement. The survival of their culture is dependant on the way that individuals shape their identicalness and in this play Davis shows how family is the institution on which identity can be maintained even in the most traumatic of circumstances.Jimmy Munday survives and thrives as an individual because he has the support of his all-encompassing family. He finds his identity within his family and this security allows him to critically assess and comment on the motives behind government decisions such as the moving of Indigenous commonwealth from the Government Well Aboriginal Reserve in Northam to Moore River. Whole town knows why were goin. Coz wetjalas in this town dont want us ere (p.50). Jimmys identity and survival are built on outward protest but other members of his family find more subtle forms of protest. naan Munday is the matriarch and initiation of her family. She refuses to assimilate into the Indigenous identity determined by white people. She looks after her family providing them with a sense of cultural and practical knowledge as is demonstated when she delivers Marys baby (p.102). Although Gran is a survivor who passes on knowledge and language to her children and grandchildren, Billy Kimberley is an example of someone who has lost his family and sense of identity.. universe the last of his tribe and people, Billy Kimberley has no family, or extended family and can be seen to be culturally caught between two worlds and lacking a align sense of identity. It is dramatically ironic that he is a successful prototype of assimilation yet is rejected by both white and Indigenous societies. The children even mock him and call him a traitor or black crow (p.90) Ultimately, Jimmys line will die out with him and thus non only will he not survive and the culture, traditions and line of his family will die with him also. It is this fact which also seems to await Mary Dargurru whe we first meet her in the play.Mary is a young girl from the Kimberley region whose potential fate can be paralleled to that of Billy who is from the same region. However, when she meets and falls in love with Joe Millimurra, she finds a new family in the Millamurras. She not only finds her own identity through family but has the potential at the end of the play to pass that identity on through her family to her own child, baby Jimmy.As a young man on the cusp of manhood Joe Millimurra has a sense of his own destiny as shaped by his family and their connection to culture and their homeland near Northam. He learns from his family that he must stand up for what he believes in and this shapes his identity and survival. At the end of the play, Joe, Mary and their new born baby Jimmy go off with supplies and an empty sugar bag, not filled with the short term saccharine platitudes of white handouts, violence and condescension but with a supplies, a homemade knife and a sense of family, culture and identity that is hopefully enough to admirer them forge a new future in an old homeland.No Sugar is a play ultimately about family, identity and survival. Through the typesetters case of Jimmy Munday, Davis provides us with an Indigenous man, who although troubled by the injustices and dispossession thrust upon him, is still able to find a sense of purpose in his family. He does not survive physically but his legacy will live on through his nephew and his nephews son who bears his name. Gran Munday is shown to be a cornerstone crucial to the resilience and survival of all of her family through the connection she provides to their culture. This can be seen to be contrasted with Billy, an Indigenous tracker from the Kimberley who has lost his family, his culture and his identity and seemed do omed to a fate of not surviving and fading away. But the ultimate survivors of the play are Joe and Mary who both gain a sense of identity through family. It is this sense of identity gained through family that seems not only crucial for their survival as they go reclaim their place but which will hopefully become the cornerstone for survival and hopes of the next generation of Indigenous people as symbolized by their baby son, Jimmy.

Maguindanao Massacre Essay

Stories and worldwide condemnation of the Maguindanao massacre still grapple the Filipino people in disbelief. Focusing on the victims that include lawyers and journalists in the company of scions of a political clan, the manner of mass execution was the most gruesome, so animalistic, and the most barbaric act of the new century. Fifty-s nevertheless of them, men, women, and children were killed and decapitated bodies were lacerate and riddled with bullets. This satanic act was allegedly masterminded by the incumbent mayor of the place, who is said to have been able to command and give orders as he pleases even to the extent of a massacre.The idea of good governance, rule of law of human rights and democracy has hardly been heard in existence in this far-flung ridiculous province in Mindanao. Politicians are motivated to run for public office to absolutely control and influence the civilians and the law of nature. The existing system is heavily politicized making the police underd ogs of the politicians. Thus, anybody who wants to seek justice feels the absence of any protection mechanism. Government tried to calm the situation by asking the allegedly mass murderer to release but will his victims get justice?Praying for justice to prevail in this country, Lasallians were called to express indignation to this assault to humanity. Students wore black ribbons on their chest to sympathize with the victims and their love ones, and to shout and rage against the inhuman act. They lit candles and prayed for peace, and were in one in expressing the gloom and grief the whole country has experienced. We call on the wheels of justice to take up swiftly without deception of wealth and power. Otherwise, record of inhumanity of the sadistic, brutal, and cruel Maguindanao massacre may be enhanced when the Government still fails to mete out the penalty for the perpetrators.

lilies of the field

The lilies of the field was a 1963 production directed by Ralph Nelson starred by Sydney Poiter. This movie has naturally go forthlined the basis of modern unearthly heroism during the 1960s. Understandably, such movie plot has been created to in reality instill set upon the viewers with regards the major implications of religion and beliefs on social development and social values application.The main character, Homer Smith, which is played by Poiter is considered a modern mean solar day hero in the film. The approach though is rather different as it points out that the supposed hero of the film is not in the likeness of actually accepting the task. Most likely, he refused to accept the situation that is shown to him by the wad as their hero primarily because he does not believe that he has been appointed, whatsoever by God to set a source of inspiration to the passel as to how they should believe in God or as to how they should react on the belief that they are portraying as Christians.As a modern day hero though, Poiters character showed that heroism in a religious form today is a matter of ones own election and not a forced manipulation from the society as a basis of what they believe into. Motivating people to move in a a good deal noble way to assist others or the community towards progress is a matter of self-push. One must be satisfactory to believe that he is able to make change to the lives of others, until he could really affect the lives of other people in the society.In the movie of the Lilies of the field, such implication has been assumption a make better light as the main character has been introduced to have lesser interest in the manner by which people aim to treat him. He and then left to find the purpose that he is really doing his job as a handyman for. Within a certain span of time, he returns and serves the topper way that he could to be able to finish his job of building the church. Although he neer expected anything in retu rn, he was given gifts by the people, given a high regard for his reputation as a builder and a rather effective organizer of their community. He might have never realized how much he affected the community that he served, however, he left a legacy of unity and truthfulness among the people of the village as he worked on their church.It is as if he is sending valuable messages to the people although he never says a word to them. His understanding of the fact that he has a job to finish as a handyman likely increased the capability that he has in affecting the people around him through his works. He has been viewed by a nun as the tool used by God to create the church that would likely bring back faith to the people in the community in which she serves.Although Smith was resentful of this responsibility at first, he later on understood why the people termed his situation as something that is God sent to their community. Likely, it was what he was working for that made him a tool for unity, faith and salvation in the community that he served. He did not actually try to do anything than what he knows he is supposed to do in a wholehearted way that he was able to directly affect the lives of those people watching him see the work he does as he tries to accomplish the mission that he knows he accustomed to complete.ReferenceLilies of the Field (1963). http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0057251/synopsis. (March 20, 2008).

Campus Recruitment

grail seek Campus Interaction Campus Placements 2012 expansive 2011 Presentation Plan ? Introduction to Grail Research An Integreon Company ? What We continue ? Q&A supercilious 2011 procure 2011 Integreon hidden 2 around Grail Research ? Grail Research provides organizations with accurate, succinct answers to their most important business questions ? Global flyings rely on Grail to deliver grocery store intelligence infallible to make strategic decisions that support business growth Common client themes include entering new markets, unveiling and enhancing ingatherings, making acquisitions or strategic investment fundss, unseating competitors, and more ? Grail Research was founded by Monitor Group, one of the worlds leading business advisory and investment firms with its own US 2Bn+ private equity firm ? Grail Research is now a part of Integreon, a market leader in research, legal, and analytics birth form ? Grails global capabilities include conducting research in 110+ countries and 35+ languages In A New World, A New Model For replys trade Research Cost-effective ? Data rich Immediate, Global and Concise Strategy Consulting ? Personalized ? Insightful ? Rigorous August 2011 secure 2011 Integreon Confidential 3 About Integreon A Leading Global Provider of Knowledge Services ? Our mission is to be the most trusted provider of Knowledge Support Solutions to professionals ? Integreon is a stable, useful private company Established in 1998 Financially secure, 75% owned by Ayala Corporation, a leading publicly listed Philippines conglomerate with a market capitalization over $15 billion, 25% owned by management ?We employ almost 2,500 staff worldwide ? We have Six Sigma Black Belt expertness and are certified in ISO 270012005 Information Security ISO 90012000 Quality Management UK US Atlanta Cambridge Fargo Los Angeles New York Washington DC Office Locations London Bristol china Beijing Philippines South Africa Johannesburg India Mumbai New Delhi Manila August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 4 Milestones.. Setting up offices in Beijing and Johannesburg Offices in newer locations were established to wiretap market intelligence needs in different geographies.Beijing marking the fourth and Johannesburg being the seventh office worldwide gathering market and matched intelligence to make informed strategy and investment decisions capital of Minnesota Boni starts appearing on Foxs Happy Hour Chief Sales Officer, Paul Boni appears on Foxs channels Happy Hour show to discuss events and growth of various industries and share his perspective on growth of market intelligence in the present day scenario HBS presents a case study on Monitor and Grail as part of their 100 year anniversary summit Founder and CEO Colin Gounden was selected to participate in a panel as part of Harvard Business Schools India Conference to discuss changing Nature of Sub-continents Economy Grail shortlisted in NASSCOM EMERGE 50 The National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) names Grail Research as a 2009 EMERGE 50 company Grail Research, an Integreon Company continues to set new milestones and move towards greater heights August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 5 Meet the Team VIVEK NEB Vice President, Corporate Market and Business Research Vivek Neb is the Vice President of the Integreons Research and Analytics practice and heads the Research Operations teams based out of Noida, Gurgaon, Beijing and Johannesburg Vivek holds an MBA from Indian Institute f Management, Indore and Bachelor in engineering from Punjab Technical University KAPIL SHARMA . ANALYST, NOIDA Kapil holds a Bachelors degree in industrial and Production Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Grail Research provides immense exposure crossways industries and very bright and talented team members to work with Julian SUN ANALYST, BEIJING Julian holds a Bachelors of Art degree (Honors) in Business Administration from University of Bedfordshire, UK My learning curve has gone up significantly in last 16 months. Grail offers cross-cultural / cross-geographical experience by working with diverse set of people TARUN SINGHANALYST, JOHANNESBURG Tarun holds a Bachelors degree in Information Technology from Delhi College of Engineering I have had an enriching experience working with Grail. I also got chance to work with JoBurg team as part of GAP. The multi office project voice communication model is excellently executed in Grail August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 6 Presentation Plan ? Introduction to Grail Research ? What We Offer ? Q August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 7 Grail Experience Advantage The CRISP Approach Research Rigorous and consistent Triangulation secondary, experts, surveys ? Ensure approach meets the required burden of proofInsights Clear so whats Context to make data meaningful Question Charge ? Extract logical concl usions ? Explain the non-obvious insights Answer Synthesis ? Reframe business need as a research question ? Address the underlying need behind the initial question Simple still not superficial ? Know why the question is being asked ? Articulate nuanced summary in 1-2 pages ? Highlight and explain findings that are surprising, new, or provocative ? count the importance of the question ? Identify the audience ? Confirm that the right question is being asked Presentation Concise Powerful graphics ? State what remains unanswered ? Leverage for future value Determine whether the question can be answered ? Provide visual metaphors to make insights from data intuitive and easy to grasp August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 8 Learning and Exposure holds crossways Sectors Life Sciences ? ? ? ? ? Technology ? ? ? ? ? Consumer ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Telecom ? Biotechnology Diagnostics Healthcare Medical Devices Pharmaceuticals Hardware profit IT Services Networking Software Appar el Automotive Food & Beverage Electronics Health & Beauty Media & Entertainment Retail Travel & Tourism White Goods ? ? ? Cable major planet Wired Wireless Energy ? ? ? Materials ? ? ? Business Services ? ? ? Industrial ? ? ? ? Government ? ? ? ? ? Alternative Energy Electricity Gas Oil Utilities Chemicals Commodities Metals & Mining ? Advisory Outsourcing printing Publishing Manufacturing Packaging Textiles Transportation Wholesale ? Competitiveness Country Local Regional August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 9 Learning and Exposure across Geographies Grails global capabilities include conducting research in 110+ countries and 35+ languages Countries where we have conducted research August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 10 shaping Structure Groups in Grail Custom Research Life Sciences Research QR & Analytics ? ? ? ? ?Industry Attractive Study Sector Analysis Competitive Benchmarking Market feasibility Study Benchmarking Studies ? ? ? ? ? Product l aunch feasibility Drug Pipeline Analysis Acquisition target identification Technology assessment Physician perception map ? ? ? ? ? Online Questionnaire Analysis Qualitative Analysis Focus Groups Statistical Analysis Segmentation Studies ? Grail conducted a Market Opportunity Analysis for Enterprise Applications of a swelled software vendor ? Grail conducted Product Assessment for a financial services client ? Grail was tracking pipeline development and strategy initiatives interpreted by competitors of a large pharmaceutical company Grail is helping a client create a pricing mode for a product based on statistical analysis of transaction data August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 11 Learning and Exposure Outside cast Initiatives brand Internal summons Improvement IT Tools Confidentiality Compliance Knowledge Management Capability Groups Part-time consociates Newsletter August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 12 Professional suppuration Pillars of Grails Professional Development There are three pillars of Professional Development that Grail employees will interact with Combined, these are often referred to as The System AllocationsConversations with Allocations PD Advisor helps set PD goals and provides advice on how to work with allocations Feedback used by allocations to determine skill levels of individuals GRAIL EMPLOYEES Conversations with PD Advisor Project and Semiannual Feedback PD Advisor PD Advisor helps interpret feedback and look for ways to act on developmental priorities Feedback August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 13 Professional Development Alternative Paths Career growth of individuals on different career tracks in Grail based upon merit, individuals desire and firms need Latika Mahar (Member of HR Team) Shashank Dewan (Member of Joburg Team) Manager, Human Resource ? Got promoted to Manager HR in Apr10 ? Now key member of the HR team, working across the entire value chain of HR ?Showed int erest in moving to HR ? Worked actively with the allocations team ? Joined organization in June, 2007 Associate Project Manager ? Got promoted to APM in Oct 10 ? Promoted to Project Lead in Oct 09 ? ? ? ? exhibiting strong people skills Was an integral part of the team in South Africa for 6 months Got promoted to Associate in Oct 08 One of the consistent top performers of the group Joined Grail in June, 2007 Project Lead Human Resource Associate Career push to Human Resource August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential Analyst 14 Value Proposition What it is in for me? Diverse Industry Exposure Continous Learning genius ManagementProfessional Development Compensation and growth August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 15 Career at Grail Talent from World menage Institutes Grail has a set of extremely talented people with education from world class institutes August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 16 Compensation and Growth Career Path Director ? ? ? ? ? Skills Strong orientation to solve complex problems Good subject knowledge Ability to learn faster Strong compose and oral communications skills Strong team player Project Manager Associate PM Characteristics Project Lead ? Self starter ? Strong work ethic and maturity in in professional environment ?Should take pride in his / her own work ? Have drive and enthusiasm to take initiatives Associate Analyst Job Location & Salary ? Base Location Noida / Gurgaon ? CTC INR 4 Lacs per Annum (Fixed) Management Trainee August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 17 Recruitment Process ? Written Test Objective Analytical and Language Test Subjective Language Proficiency Test ? Announcement of first shortlist candidates ? interview Rounds 2 3 Consist of case based studies to assess the problem solving skills and analytical ability of the candidates ? Final Selection August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 18Presentation Plan ? Introduction to Grail Researc h ? What We Offer ? Q August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential 19 For more information contact ? Charu Gulati (charu. emailprotected com) Copyright 2010 by Integreon No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the permission of Integreon. This document provides an outline of a presentation and is incomplete without the accompanying oral commentary and discussion. August 2011 Copyright 2011 Integreon Confidential COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL 20

Contract and Demand

This is a case of a sales firm which operates for 203 twenty-four hourss in a year. Each day the firm operates, it generates revenue (profit) of Rs. 10 Lac. At the beginning of the year, the employees union confronts the instruction of the sales firm everyplace wages and the union presents its get hold of. The prudence either accepts this, or rejects it and returns the coterminous day with a counteroffer for wage to be paid to the employees. The firm can open and start functioning only after an agreement on wage is reached between the management and the union.As per the prevailing law in the state and the industry, it is the unions turn to present its implore on the first day/round of dialogue. At this full stop the management may either accept or reject the demand made by the union and wait till the next (second day of the year) day to come with its offer. Where again the union has the choice to either accept or reject the offer made by the management and go on to the next (third day of the year) day to make their demand to management. The rounds of negotiation may go on and on till the last day unless an agreement is reached between the parties over wage. x 5 = 20 (Please indicate the demand and offer in Rupee value and indicate the contain off for both union and management as a, b where a = unions pay off and b = managements pay off) a. What would be the unions wage demand on the 1st day/round of wage negotiation between management and union, and in case management accepts it what would be the managements pay off from such negotiation? b. Who would make an offer or place a demand on the 4th day/round of wage negotiation? What would be the offer / demand? What would be the pay off of each party (union and management) in case the offer / demand made is accepted by the former(a) party? . Who would make an offer or place a demand on the 200th day/round of wage negotiation? What would be the offer / demand? What would be the pay off of each party (union and management) in case the offer / demand made is accepted by the other party? d. Who would make an offer or place a demand on the 203rd day/round of wage negotiation? What would be the offer / demand? What would be the pay off of each party (union and management) in case the offer / demand made is accepted by the other party? Name- SID- SMS ID- oculus Name-

Marketing Essay

Having read the chapters from Lovelock, Wirtz, lynchpin & Lu (2005) and Masterson & Pickton (2010), what did you baring approximately interesting to the highest degree run marketing and why? AnswerIn this chapter, the most interesting about services marketing is the growth of the service economy. In numerous countries, change magnitude productivity and automation in agriculture and industry, combined with growing demand for both new and tralatitious services, hand jointly resulted in a continuing increase over time in the circumstances of the labor force that is employed in service.In recent years, the development of technology, e special(a)ly IT and telecommunication, has became more essential in services. The opening up of the service economy means that there will be great competition. In turn, more competition will stimula innovation, not least through the application of new and alter technologies. Having read the chapters from Lovelock, Wirtz, Key & Lu (2005) and Mast erson & Pickton (2010), what concepts or whims relating to services marketing did you fix most difficult to comprehend and why? Answer In my opinion, the most difficult to understand concept is People argon often fictional character of the product.The difference between ones service and another often lies in the quality of employees who religious service the customers. Service firms need to devote special c ar to selecting , training,and motivating those employees who will be serving customers directing. At the same time, firms have to manage and shape customer behavior, as the type of customers who patronize a occurrence service business nates shape the nature of the service experience. I think it only if collect that the heap is very important in doing service. Why people are part of product? It make me confused.Having read the chapters from Lovelock, Wirtz, Key & Lu (2005) and Masterson & Pickton (2010) outline four generic differences between uncorrupted and servic es. How do these differences impress on the marketing of service products? Answer there are 4 generic differences between good ans services. First, goos are tangible speckle services are intangible. As a result, services can not be inventoried, easily patented and readily displayed or communicated. In addition, pricing is more difficult. Second, goods are standardized while services are heterogeneous. So service delivery and customer blessedness count on on employees and customer actions.Service quality depend on many uncontrollable factors. Third, for goods, production get out from consumption, yet for services, simultaneous production and consumption. As a result, people participated in will affect for each one other. Fourth, goods are nonperishable while services are perishable. So it is difficult to synchronize supply and demand with services. And services can not be returned or resold. Having read chapter fourteen of the prescribed text Armstrong et al (2012) what did you find most interesting about friendlyly and ethically responsible marketing and why?AnswerThe most interesting about sociablely and ethically responsible marketing is the marketings impact on society as a whole. There are several impacts, such as false wants and overly much materialism, too few social goods, cultural pollution. For false wants and too much materialism, critics have supercharged that the marketing system urges too much interest in material possessions, and that the Western worlds love affair with worldly possessions is not sustainable. People often are judged by what they own,rather than by who they are.The critics do not view this interest in material things as a natural state of mind, yet rather as a matter of false wants created by marketing. Marketers stimulate peoples confide for goods and create materialistic models of the good life. Having read chapter fourteen of the prescribed text Armstrong et al (2012) what concepts or ideas relating to did you f ind most and why? Answer the most difficult to understand relating to socially and ethically responsible marketing is that critics charge the marketing system with creating cultural pollution.Commercials interrupt serious programs pages of ads obscure magazines billboards mar beautiful scene spam fills our inboxes. However, why say these interruptions continually pollute peoples minds with messages of materialism, sex,power or status. Most ads have its culture of products or companies, and some of them can bring a good culture value about consumption to people. In addition, advertisers are making their ads more entraining and informative. Outline and discuss four social criticisms of marketing. How would adopting a societal marketing orientation help to overcome these criticisms?Answer the societal marketing orientation is the idea that the organisation should determine the needs, wants and interests of target markets and deliver the desired satisfaction more effectively and effici ently than competitors, and in a direction that maintains or improves societys wellbeing. Sustainable marketing calls for products that are not only pleasing but also beneficial. Products can be classified according to their degree of immediate consumer satisfaction and long ran consumer benefits. Marketers should take the whole society into account when they doing marketing.Deficient products have neither immediate assemblage nor long benefits. Pleasing products give high immediate satisfaction but may hurt consumers in the long run. What the society wants is desirable products, which give both high immediate satisfaction and high long-run benefits. Concentrating more on social interests can help to overcome these criticisms. Based on your own experiences, what are the advantages for marketers in using social media as part of their marketing communications strategies? Answer there are several advantages for using social media marketing. First, it is much cheaper.Traditional adve rtising methods can be costly for businesses while Its free for businesses to sign up for popular social media networks, so its an affordable way to promote products and services, while building relationships with customers. Second, instant. With social media, you can announce a sale or special even sot as soon you finalize plans. Social media gives business owners the ability to share information, such as blog posts, tips and ideas and coupons instantly. third, interact. People can interact with consumers directly through social media, and social media marketing enables people to provide them with assistance on-the-spot.Social media networks also gives people a chance to interact with other entrepreneurs and leaders in their industries. Fourth, using social media marketing can get a huge database of ideas. On the social sites, there are many feeling for answers to their problems. People are looking for solutions and one of the places they are looking is in social media where they might be following one of their teachers such as a blogger or mentor. Based on your own experience, what are the disadvantages or risks for marketers in using social media as part of their marketing commuications strategy?Answer there are several disadvantages of using social media marketing. First, the wrong online grass strategy could put people at a viral social disadvantage and may even damage people reputation, i. e, when person makes a mistake offline, a few will know but when he make a mistake in front of hundreds or thousands of his online audience, most of them will know. Second, in order to get social medias full effect, you need to understand how it works, when and how to use it and which channels to counselling on depending on your end goal of using social media.Third, social media can have a negative influence on worker productivity. Employees may waste valuable time using social media channels such as Facebook and Twitter. They can also use social media to attack th e companys reputation. Fourth, when social media is used excessively or in the wrong way, it could have serious detrimental outcomes on both mental and even physical health of individuals. In addition, social media may open casualty for hackers to commit illegal crime such as fraud, spam and virus attacks. People falling course to online scam may also increase, resulting in data or identity theft.

Encephalitis Lethargica Compared to the Movie Awakenings

Encephalitis lethargica is a rare disease which is an atypical figure out of encephalitis that can cause symptoms that range from headaches to coma like states. Other potential symptoms include things a good deal(prenominal) as double vision, high fevers, lethargy, and delayed physical and mental reactions. The treatment of the illness was the main sharpen of the movie awakenings and the book it was based upon. The cause of the illness even today still remains much of a mystery with successful treatment withal following suit, thankfull-of-the-moony however since a handsome outbreak of the illness in the late 1960s there engender been very rare report cases of the disease since.When the movie Awakenings begins we find whizz of the main characters, Leonard Lowe, as a child. In the movie the security guard sees young Leonard begin to suffer from early symptoms of encephalitis lethargica, he quickly becomes unable to keep up in school and is taken out so he can be watched and al so presumptively to prevent the disease from potentially spreading. The movie accordingly jumps to 1969 where the viewer is Dr. Sayer apply for a job in Bronx, his experience up to that point had been all research still the hospital being underemployed hires him anyways.Dr. Sayer concisely becomes determined to improve the quality of life for his patients and begins to look for a way to alleviate there illness, disdain the skepticism of his peers. After investigating into several of his catatonic patients he finds out that many of them had suffered from encephalitis lethargica at one point or an opposite in their past. Soon after discovering this Dr. Sayer proceeds to learn more(prenominal) about them by consulting a doctor who had treated many patients with the disease.He learns that many patients who survived the outbreak would seem to have periods where they would appear to recover from the illness for a meter but after an amount of time would thole back into a state of c atatonia. Shortly after learning this probably due to the simple point that the catatonic behavior of his patients was similar to that of Parkinsons patients, he chooses to pursue the latest advances in Parkinsons treatments.He then attends a conference on Parkinsons treatments, there Dr. Sayer first learns about Levodopa (also known as L Dopa) Sayer proposes that L Dopa should be tested as a treatment for one of his catatonic patients, his superiors communicate doubts that he will be successful but in the end agrees to let him proceed to try it on one patient. He selects Leonard Lowe to be treated with L Dopa. After some period of time Leonard awakens, after this success Dr.Sayer then tries to lobby the patrons of the hospital for more funding to expand this treatment to other patients and after donations from staff members and after showing Leonard to the hospitals investors he gets the required funding and puts the rest of the patients on L Dopa. They, like Leonard, soon awake n after treatment and appear to all make a full recovery from their catatonic states.Its not long before Leonard begins to suffer side effects from L Dopa, he experiences convulsions, paranoia, and psychotic behavior which are all real symptoms of L Dopa treatment Leonard also begins to build a tolerance to the drug and he soon has his symptoms of his illness slowly return. The rest of the patients in the long run experience the same course of events and eventually all return to a state of catatonia. The movie ends with Dr. Sayer well-favoured a speech about what he learned from his patients.The symptoms experienced by the patients and the side effects shown in the movie from L Dopa are extremely accurate with those experienced in real life, such(prenominal) as Leonard extreme emotional state and However the research Dr. Sayer, whose real name was Dr. Oliver Sacks, was similar but wasnt exactly what occurred during the summer of 1969. Rather than starting the L Dopa treatment with just one patient and then expanding the treatment to the rest of the patients as was depicted in the film, Oliver Sacks actually began his study as a double blind procedure with a placebo conference and with a treatment group.He also in the first place intended to only let the study last for 90 days however once he saw that fifty percent of his patients were showing improvement, Sacks went ahead and began giving the rest of the patients L Dopa and dropped his 90 day window for the study. Within the film Dr. Sayer is depicted going from one patient to his whole group of patients, apart from this the movie appears to be completely in line with the events of real life. Works Cited Micromedex, Drug breeding Provided By. Levodopa (Oral Route). Mayo Clinic.Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 01 Nov. 2011. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. Awakenings. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Feb. 2013. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. Side effects of Carbidopa-Levodopa. Side Effects of Carbidopa-Levodo pa. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. NINDS Encephalitis Lethargica Information Page. Encephalitis Lethargica Information Page National show of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. Awakenings. Oliver Sacks MD RSS. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

Christianization throughout History Essay

IntroductionCuriosity more or less smell in all of its aspects, I think, is the occult of great creative state, Leo Burnett once said. I agree, and send away proudly say that crotchet is my motive for writing this project. The purpose of this project is pure research. I want to gain knowledge about(predicate) the subject of my choice and likewise improve my writing and planning skills. I chose this topic after watching a National Geographic program concerning Mithraism in ancient Rome. I became very curious about Religious customs, Christian in particular. My main form of research was the Internet. I read University studies and encyclopedia articles. in the long run I ended up with 3 research questions. I wanted to find out the jobless on target origins of the 3 study Christian holidays Christmas, east wind and H tolerateeen. Where their (sometimes strange) customss came from, if other cultures famed similar holidays in the past and how they came to be the Christian ho lidays we know today.1. What are the received origins of Christmas?The dictionary definition of Christmas is The annual feast of the Christian perform commemorating the support of savior.It is basically a feast in which Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, the intimately prominent figure in Christian belief, making this their most cherished holiday. Christmas is renowned on declination 25 (or January 7 in eastern orthodox churches, due to incompatibility between the Julian and Gregorian calendars). Popular customs of the holiday include open-giving, music, church festivitys, a special meal, and decorations care Christmas trees, dizzys, garlands, mistletoe, nativity scenes, and holly. Today, Christmas is celebrated in umpteen places around the world by Christians and an increasing amount of non-Christians, but few plenty know the true infidel roots of this holiday.First and foremost, the primal Christians did not celebrate the birth of Christ. at that place were 2 reasons for it The commencement ceremony was the simple truth that no one knew the exact day of Christs birth. Today, most historians believe, correspond to the biblical description, that his birth took place around September (approx. six months after Passover). unitary thing is sure though, that it is very unlikely that Jesus was born in declination. The biblical story tells us there were shepherds t last their sheep in the fields that night. This is quite unlikely to energize happened during a cold winter. The stake reason came further in the churchs development. During the for the first time three hundred socio-economic classs of the pietism the church in Rome discouraged celebrating the birth of Christ, not lacking it to seem more like a infidel rite than a Christian holiday. So why is Christs birth celebrated on the 25th of December?The Answer is simple Christianization, or the conversion of native he befoolist culture to Christian use. Church officials dev eloped different methods of conversion to Christianity, and the main one was based on the belief that conversions were easier if people were allowed to retain the outward forms of their traditions, plot of ground claiming that the traditions were in love of the Christian God. Basically, the traditions and practices themselves were kept, but the think behind them was altered.Many pleasure seeker societies held celebrations around the winter solstice (the in briefest day of the class, which occurs between the 21st and the 25th of December) with the communal theme being the welcoming of the sun and the joy in the reincarnation of the world. There are besides many stories of children of wonder being born on or near the winter solstice, like Mithras, Attis, Dionysus or Apollo, who are all savior deities sent in manifestation at the darkest time of the year. The oldest winter solstice celebration known to us took place in ancient Egypt over 4000 years ago. Large parties were h eld to celebrate the rebirth of the sun paragon Horus. The held a 12-day festival that mirrored their 12 month calendar, which revolved around Horus. This Egyptian idea of a 12 day celebration was withal the first of its kind.Local countries adopted these ideas from the Egyptians (perhaps wanting to srabbit in Egypts success). A prominent celebration was the Babylonian Zagmuk ceremonial occasion the creator-sun paragon Marduk. The Babylonians believed that while Marduk had created the world love-in-idlenessful and beautiful he has to battle the monsters of chaos to keep it so. Every year as the weather grows colder the monsters regain their strength and Marduk has to fight them off, but he needs the help of the people. This battle lasted for 12 days and it was the duty of the people to cheer Marduk on and help him win the war. Only then peace would be restored, the earths beauty renewed and the people would be safe for another year. As we move east we reach the Persian Sacaea, a celebration honoring the return of the sun. The Sacaea was excessively celebrated by the Greek in honor of Zeuss defeat of Kronos and the Titans. These celebrations consisted mainly of feasting, partying and lighting of oversize bonfires.The Roman holiday season lasted a week and was called Dies Natalis Invicti Solis, the Birth of the Unconquered temperateness. It began on the 25th of December with the Saturnalia, the holiday honoring Saturn (the God of agriculture) and ended with the Kalends of January (the roman new years), which represented the triumph of life over death. This holiday was celebrated in honor of Sol Invictus (the invincible sun), The official Roman Sun God (whose day of rest was Sunday). Mithraism was also a common cult in the Roman Empire, and many celebrated the birth of Mithras on this date as well. This festival was marked by much feasting, gift giving and merrymaking in general.The Pagans of northern Europe also celebrated the winter solstice, with a fe stival called Yule. Yule has many names for the different tribes For the Celts it was Nodlaig, for the Saxons Gehul, and for the Welsh is was Hal. More names were Juul, Oel, Heol and many more. The intelligence operation Yule is derived from the Norse news program Iul, message wheel. The wheel was a pagan symbol for the sun and for the cycle of life. The Yule celebration lasted for a outlet of days and considerd feasting, fires, and sacrifices.Bonfires blazed in honor of the suns struggle against, and eventual triumph over, the in only whenice and cold of winter. One of the most prominent symbols of Yule was the evergreen tree. The evergreens seemed to have magic powers enabling them to resist the short and cold days. Evergreen trees would often be brought into home and evergreen boughs were carried as luck totems (especially Holly, which was considered the food of the gods). divine ceremonies were held by druids surrounding and worshiping these trees. More traditions include kissing under the mistletoe (a fertility ritual) and gift giving. eve the idea of Santa Clause can be found in many Yule celebrations.The Pagans viewed these celebrations of the return of the sun as the fact that good will prevail over evil, which made it easy to adapt them to Christianity, seeing how Jesus was born to save the world (according to the belief). Jesus has often been referred to as the light of the world and it only seemed appointee that his birth would be celebrated with the rebirth of the sun.So, in the year 350, Pope Julius the first and the roman emperor Constantine declared that Christs birth would be celebrated on December 25. There is superficial doubt that he was trying to make it as painless as possible for the pagan Romans (who remained a majority at that time) to convert to Christianity. The new religion went down a bit easier, knowing that their feasts would not be taken away from them. However, some experts believe it went the other way around. They s ay the early Christians were tempted by the partying and feasting, so the Christian leaders quickly decided to give the holiday a Christian reasoning so as not to lose their followers.2. What are the true origins of Easter?Easter is the second major holiday in the Christian liturgical year. According to the crude Testament, Jesus rose from the bloodless 3 days after his crucifixion. Easter day is the celebration of his resurrection, also called Resurrection Sunday. Prior to Easter Day vex a 40 day period called Lent. This is a time for fasting, praying and penance.The last week of Lent is called devoted week and it contains Good Friday, which honors the crucifixion of Christ. After Resurrection Sunday comes a 50 day period called Eastertide, ending with Pentecost Sunday. This is a time for rejoicing and growth. Easter is not fixed in the civil calendar because it is a lunar holiday. Easter Sunday occurs on the first Sunday after the generous moon exercise the new (spring) equ inox, which occurs on March 21. Easter customs and symbols include a considerable feast (with ham as the main course), a sunrise worship service, egg hunting and decorating, hot cross buns, flowers, the Easter bunny and outdoor activities. The thing is, none of the customs and symbols, or even the name of this holiday, has anything to do with Christianity.The word Easter is actually the name of the pagan goddess of fertility, also named Ostare, Oestre, Ostara, Ishtar, Ashtoreth, and Asthart in different cultures. Many pagan cultures held vernal festivals in honor of this goddess, celebrating the arrival of spring and the awakening of life. The oldest of these festivals was held in ancient Babylon, Phrygia (modern day Turkey), Canaan and Phoenicia. The Phoenicians were a civilization of traders who brought the Easter customs to Greece, Rome and the northern countries of Great Britain.The legend of this spring festival begins with Nimrod. Nimrod is, according to the book of Genesis t he son of Cush, grandson of Ham and great grandson of Noah. Nimrod was a powerful leader who formed the first empire in the world, Babylon, by conquering the Land of the Seven Cities (the Persian gulf). In his rule he made the people rebel against God and join in his own mystery religion, in which he figured prominently. When Nimrod eventually died, his mystery religion continued on.His wife Queen Semiramis saw to that. Once he was dead, she deified him as the Sun-god. In various cultures he later became known as Baal, the Great Life Giver, the god of fire, Baalim, Bel, Molech, etc. Queen Semiramis continued developing her mystery religion. She set herself as a goddess as well, proclaiming to have hatched from an egg that fell down from the moon on the first full moon after the spring equinox (she taught that the moon went through a 28 day cycle and ovulated when full). She became known as the goddess of fertility and the moon, mother of all life. She later became known as Ishtar, o r Easter.Semiramis soon became pregnant, claiming that is the rays of the sun god Baal which caused her to conceive. She gave birth to Tammuz, who was the supposed savior, the son of God. Tammuz was a hunter, and was one day killed by a wild boar. He was sent to the underworld, but through his mothers weeping he was resurrected and allowed to ascend to be with his puzzle Baal.Another version tells that Semiramis (or Ishtar) was so grief stricken that she followed Tammuz to the underworld. With her gone, the world became a cold and barren place. Ea, the Babylonian God of water and wisdom, sprinkled them both with the water of life, allowing them to return to the world for 6 months of the year. The remaining part of the year Tammuz was to return to the underworld, causing Ishtar to follow him and the cycle to continue. This is how the people explained to themselves the miracle of spring that happened every year. Each year a spring festival was held to celebrate Tammuzs resurrection f rom the underworld on the first Sunday after the full moon of the spring equinox, Ishtar Sunday. any of the common Easter traditions originate from this belief. Ham was to be eaten as a reminder of Tammuzs death. The sunrise worship service is a common pagan practice honoring the Sun God. The egg is probably the oldest symbol of fertility and new life in pagan worship. therefore there is the story of Ishtars hatching from the moon egg, known as the Ishatr, or Easter egg. The rabbit too, is an old fertility symbol, due to its rapid rate of reproduction. The story of the Easter bunny brings us bum to Ishtar, or Ostara as she was called in northern Europe. The Goddes Ostara arrived late from the underworld one spring and found a little bird whose wings had frozen from the snow. Full of pity for the creature she made him her pet and turned him into a snow white hare (which would then become her symbol).She also gave him the gift of being adapted to run with incredible speed. In rec ollection of his earlier form as abird, the hare had the ability to cast eggs, which were rainbow colored, but only on one day of the year (guess which?). The Hare eventually managed to annoy the goddess, and she put down in the sky as the constellation Lepus (the hare). He was allowed to return to the earth once each year on Easter Sunday to lay his eggs. It became an Easter tradition to seek out the Easter hares rainbow colored eggs. Also, in Gaelic culture, it was forbidden to eat hare meat except on Beltane (the 1st of May) when a ceremonial hare hunt was held (Beltane is the Gaelic name for Easter Bel meaning the same as Baal). The hare remains a symbol of luck and fertility even today.The procedure of fasting in preparation for a great occasion can be found in many lands. The Babylonians and their neighbors fasted for 40 days in preparation for the annual celebration of Tammuzs resurrection. This is probably the prepare source of the Christian Lent, but a pennence perio d like this can be found in many other societies as well. Pagans in Mexico and the Andes mountains practiced a 40 day fast in honor of the sun around this time of year. The Egyptians fasted for 40 days to honor Adonis and Osiris. The lighting of fires was also a common pagan ritual. Fire was the symbol of Baal and the fires were used in ceremonies and even for human sacrifices.The New Testament says nothing about sunrise ceremonies, lent, colored eggs or bunnies. These are all untainted examples of Christianization. The Christian leaders wanted to convert the pagans to Christianity, so they decided to adopt their rituals and give them Christian moment in lodge to make the transition easier. But perhaps there is another, more primitive reason. population whoop it up celebrations and festivities, and do not care for the most part who or what the celebration honors. The pagans probably did not care what name was given to their festival, as long as they could continue feasting and rejoicing.3. What are the true origins of Halloween?The name Halloween is actually a Scottish shortening of the name All Hallows steadying or All Hallows Eve. It is celebrated on October 31st and it is so named because it comes before All Saints Day (or All Hallows day) which occurs on the first of November. According to Christian tradition, the souls of dead be sick the earth until All Saints Day, when the prayers of the people free them from purgatory and allow them to reach heaven.Halloween is the last night the dead spend on earth and their last chance of gaining payback on their enemies before moving on to the next life. To avoid being recognized by a soul, Christians would wear masks and deck outs to disguise themselves. This is where the custom of dressing up and trick or treating came from. More traditions of Halloween include costume parties, carving jack-o-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions and playing pranks. In these traditions w e can see the pagan origins of Halloween crystal clear.The Celts of Northern Europe celebrated their New Year on the evening of October 31st and the first of November (the Celts followed a lunar calendar and their days began at sunset). This holiday was named Samhain in Ireland, Galan Gaeaf in Wales and Allantide in Cornwall, and is Celtic for passs end. They believed that the New Year starts with the death of the sun god in winter. It was also believed that the veils of the world were thinnest as the old year waned into the new and that troublesome spirits, ghosts of the dead, fairies, and demons were free to roam about, scaring people and damaging crops. Traditionally, Samhain was time to take stock of the herds and grain supplies, and decide which animals would need to be slaughtered in order for the people and livestock to survive the winter. The reason for this was that the meat could keep since the cold months have come and also since summer grass is gone and free foraging i s no longer possible.Large fires played a large part in the festivities. They were called Bonfires because the bones of the slaughtered cattle were thrown in as sacrifices to the sun and spirits. Often two bonfires would be built side by side, and the people would walk between the fires as a ritual of purification. The druids (celtic priests) performed ceremonies around these fires including divination concerning marriage, luck, health and death. Since the barrier to the otherworld was so thin this was the best time for these rites. Each family in the village would extinguish the fire in their home, and then relight their hearth from the common flame. This ritual was said to vex the village together and protect each family from the spirits roaming about. More attempts to ward off spirits included wearing costumes and masks and carving candle lanterns from turnips. Large turnips were hollowed out, carved with face and placed in windows.Samhain was also a night of mischief and confus ion. The spirits were impersonated by unfledged men with masked, veiled or blackened faces, spiffed up in white or disguises of straw. These young men would go from house to house trick or treating as a form of bribery. The family would give the spirits fruits or nuts to keep them from damaging their crops. yucky pranks were played on the ungenerous including moving farm equipment and livestock and bombarding their houses with cabbages pulled at random from gardens. Other than these young men people usually preferred to stay indoors on Samhain night.During the Roman rule in Britain (43-410 AD) aspects of Roman religion were incorporated into Samhain. Candied apples and bobbing for apples became associated with this holiday because of Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit trees and gardens, whose symbol was the apple. Traditions often involve fruit centerpieces and decorations. Furthermore, the Romans observed the holiday of Feralia, intended to give rest and peace to the departed. S acrifices were made in honor of the dead and prayers were offered as well.The jack o lantern is perhaps the most famous Halloween symbol. It is named after the phenomenon of strange light flickering over peat bogs, also known as will o the wisp, representing the scary spirits roaming about. Furthermore, the Celtic folklore tells about a fellow named Stingy Jack, a thief that managed to trick and trap the devil. In order to be set free, the devil had to promise never to takes Jacks soul. When the day came and Jack died, he wasnt allowed to enter Heaven because of all the bad deeds he had committed in his life. He was sent to Hell, but the Devil kept his promise and wouldnt take Jack in. Jack was condemned to roam the earth with only a burning ember in a turnip lamp to light his way. This is where the tradition of carving vegetable lamps came from. When the first English immigrants came to North the States they traded the turnip for the larger native pumpkin, which was larger and r eadily available. This pumpkin lantern is the jack- o lantern known to us today.Another important holiday honoring the dead belonged to the ancient Aztecs. It was named The Day of The shortly (El Da de los Muertos) and is still celebrated in Mexico, South America and around the world. Originally it fell on the ninth month of the Aztec calendar, symbolizing the nine stops the dead must pass on their way to heaven, and was celebrated for an faultless month. Sacrifices were made to the lady of the dead, Mictecacihuatl.Today, The Day of The Dead is celebrated on the 1-2 of November, probably due to the Catholic Spanish conquering which led to the merge of the Day of The Dead with All Saints Day. Traditions of this holiday include a family meal with emphasis on remembering decedent family members, decorating graves and family altars, and prayer. These are the basic traditions, but in different cultures activities may vary, from kite-flying in Guatemala to skull decorating in Bolivia. The nubble of this day is celebrating the lives of those who are gone and helping them on their way.The early Christians also had a day celebrating the remembrance of all the churchs martyrs. It was established by Pope Boniface the 4th and was set on May 13. Later, it was Pope Gregory the 3rd that changed the date to November 1st, and renamed it All Saints day, so it would correspond with the existing pagan holidays. Christianity continued to spread throughout the world, and pagan holidays were either Christianized or forgotten. Samhain and The Day of The Dead were absorbed into Halloween. Their traditions and rituals were maintain and incorporated into the new holiday, but their names were omitted. However, now, despite all of the Christian efforts, people essentially enjoy the aspects of the holiday that derive from pagan origins. The Halloween celebrated by the great majority of people today is just a fun holiday, and has lost its spiritual signifance for most people.Conclusio nTo summarize everything, I believe it can be safely said that Christian holidays rarely mean and originate where they seemed to at first. Christianization can be found throughout history in many different cultures and aspects, from major holidays to minor superstitions. Celebrations of the winter solstice were common around the world, and Christmas was just the latest addition. The early Christians merely replaced the birth of the sun with the birth of the son, but kept the rituals and traditions of the pagan festivals.The Easter holiday even managed to keep its pagan name. The festival of the earths rebirth is recycled today as the day honoring the resurrection of Jesus, and celebrated in the same way the Babylonians did 3000 years ago. Even Halloween is just a pagan holiday dipped in holy water. Its as pagan as you can get, honoring ghosts, spirits and the like, but it got Christianized nonetheless. In my personal opinion, there is nothing religious about these holidays anymore. They merely represent how far ideas can travel when you take advantage of human nature. The early Christians understood that people are just simple beings who like to have a good time, and dont really care in whose honor. Christianization was a smart idea, but I believe it breaks a few copyright laws.Working on this project I improved my research and writing skills, and also my time management. If I had been given the chance I would have written more about the Christianization of sacral places, like the pantheon and Celtic sacred groves. All in all, I learned a lot during the entire process and am satisfied with the result.BibliographyWebsites1. http//www.nvcc.edu/home/lshulman/rel232/resource/RileyPaper.htm2. http//www.pocm.info3. http//searchforbibletruths.blogspot.com/2011/04/easter-origins-traditions-and-customs.html4. http//www.thercg.org/books/ttooe.html5. http//www.lasttrumpetministries.org/tracts/tract1.html6. http//www.goddessgift.com/Pandoras_Box/Easter-history.htm7. http //www.essortment.com/christmas-pagan-origins-42543.html8. http//www.wikipedia.org9. http//www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm10. http//www.goodnewsaboutgod.com/studies/holidays2.htm11. http//christmas-celebrations.org/12. http//www.near-death.com/experiences/origen048.html13. http//www.frontline-apologetics.com/Mithras.html14. http//ldolphin.org/semir.html15. http//www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/ajb/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Ninus.html16. http//www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-t020.html17. http//www.newadvent.org/cathen/05224d.htm18. http//www.goodnewsaboutgod.com/studies/holidays2.htm19. https//pantherfile.uwm.edu/barnold/www/lectures/holloween.html20. http//spanish.about.com/cs/culture/a/dayofdead.htm21. http//www.traditioninaction.org/religious/e008rp_Halloween.htm22. http//landscaping.about.com/cs/landscapecolor/a/halloweenOrigin.htm23. http//www.allaboutpopularissues.org/origin-of-halloween.htm24. http//inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/Samhain.htm2 5. http//www.etsu.edu/writing/adcomp_f06/students/halloween.htm26. http//www.cbn.com/spirituallife/onlinediscipleship/halloween/halloween_Pagan_Ankerberg.aspx27. http//www.albee.org/halloween/history.htmArticles1. Julia A. Gengenbach, Is Christmas Christian, Prism University of Wisonsin- Eau Claire Department of philosophical system and Religious Studies, 20022. Prof. Bettina Arnold, Halloween Customs in the Celtic World, Center of Celtic Studies, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, 20013. Donna-Lynn Riley, Christian bedspread Days and their Relationship to Pagan Holidays , Introduction to World Religions, 2003